TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In patients with obesity, overproduction of cytokines evokes a preexisting chronic inflammation, since adipocytes secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules (e.g. MCP-1, IL-6, IL-18, TNF-α, IL-1β) together with a decrease of anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-10) has been reported [31].