However, these normal glucose and insulin sensitivity phenotypes under normal diet conditions are in contrast to the observed metabolic outcomes in the offspring of maternal low-protein diet–induced FGR (4) or placental insufficiency models (45–47), thus underscoring the distinct developmental programming effects of specific insults (i.e., placental mTOR vs. maternal low-protein diet or preeclampsia). Here, INS is linked to placental insufficiency.