ID3 and cancer: ID1 and ID3 are highly expressed in virtually all human cancers, in the vasculature and/or the tumor cells, including solid tumors of the breast6–8, pancreas9, bladder6, cervix/uterus10–12, colon13,14, endometrium15,16, stomach17,18, nervous system4,19,20, liver21, ovary22, prostate23–25, esophagus26, lung27–29, and thyroid30,31 as well in hematopoietic tumors such as AML32.