EPCAM and neoplasm: We collected both EpCAM+ and EpCAM- cells from each of the tumors and confirmed effective enrichment of malignant epithelial cells by comparing 15 variant allele frequencies (VAFs) of canonical pancreatic cancer driver genes, including six variant alleles for KRAS and nine variant alleles for TP53 (Supplementary Fig. 1c), where each of the variant alleles is denoted by different colored lines comparing EpCAM+ and EpCAM− subpopulations of the same tumor collected from each patient.