TNF and diabetes mellitus: DM can also cause nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) activation through receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) [27], which is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell surface molecules, promoting TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β gene transcription and inflammation (Fig. 1) in the fat, muscle, and other tissues in our bodies [28].