TNF and steatosis: Gene expression analysis revealed that A. muciniphila markedly suppressed the expression levels of genes related to steatosis and inflammation at the transcriptional level, such as tumor necrosis factor ɑ (TNF-ɑ), interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) (Figure 1h).