Moreover, during infection, genes involved in the regulation of the NF-κB cascade (AZI2, TBK1 and NFKBIA) and NFKB1were transcriptionally unaltered in all the respiratory tract of alpacas (Figs 3–6) may be preventing acute inflammation in response to MERS-CoV. The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is infection.