Interestingly, the predicted severity of the mutations in CCDC103, which correlate with the overt severity of the patient PCD phenotypes, also correlated with the loss of avidity in the interaction between CCDC103 and DYNC1H1 or SPAG6 (Fig. 7E,F) (Panizzi et al., 2012). Here, DNAAF19 is linked to primary ciliary dyskinesia.