Over-activation of TLR4 in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) promotes the recruitment of macrophages and leukocytes to the lamina propria and subsequently results in IL-6- mediated STAT3 activation to facilitate the production of COX2/PGE2 that encourages IEC proliferation and survival in CRC (Tye and Jenkins, 2013). Here, STAT3 is linked to colorectal carcinoma.