Unfortunately, the combined treatment approaches with chemotherapy and an inhibitor of DNA/RNA damage repair (such as an ERCC1 inhibitor, ERCC1-XPF) or drug efflux (such as a Wnt/β-catenin inhibitor, WNT974) are still under investigation, and none of them had clinical trials for HNSCC patients in the past (96, 98). Here, ERCC1 is linked to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.