NFKB1 and neoplasm: documented that P. anaerobius targeted colonic cancer cells overexpressing integrin α2/β1 and stimulated the PI3K‐Akt‐NF‐κB signal pathway, leading to the upregulation of myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and TAMs as well as to the promotion of colorectal tumorigenesis in ApcMin/+ mice.[92] On the contrary, probiotic Leuconostoc mesenteroides induces tumor cell apoptosis and anti‐inflammatory effects by inhibiting the NF‐kB/AKT/PTEN pathway.[93] Furthermore, the cell life cycle is modulated by complex signal pathways that can be regulated by bacterial interventions.