TNF and neoplasm: reported that antibiotics significantly reduced CD4+ and CD8+ T cells producing proinflammatory cytokines (IFN‐γ+ TNF‐α+), along with CD40L+ helper CD4+ T cells, thus compromising the efficacy of CTX chemotherapy and facilitating the recurrence of B‐cell lymphoma in mice.[140] Bacterial components, such as bacterial ghost (empty envelopes of Gram‐negative bacteria), act as immune‐stimulatory adjuvants in anti‐tumor therapy.