TNF and neoplasm: reported that increased production of IL‐6 and TNF‐α by macrophages contributed to EMT process and exerted pro‐tumor effects in antibiotic‐induced intestinal dysbiotic mice.[108] Sodium butyrate, a common bacterial metabolite from dietary fibers disintegration in colon, has been shown to inhibit histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4), thus suppressing TGF‐β1‐induced EMT in human hepatoma cells.