TNF and Hyperinsulinemia: Excessive calories or fat intake can cause lipid cells apoptosis, promote the activation of the inflammatory c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase 1 pathway, increase the secretion of cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α or IL‐1β, and block insulin signaling in liver tissue, consequently resulting in compensatory insulin production by pancreatic β‐cells and the subsequent development of hyperinsulinemia (He et al., 2011).