To investigate whether the above phenomenon in lupus-prone mice could also extend to SLE patients, the effect of the PKM2 inhibitor PKM2-IN on the activation of TLR4, TLR7 and TLR9 pathways was investigated in the human monocytes-derived macrophages (MDMs) and CD19+ B cells. Here, TLR9 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.