VEGFA and neoplasm: For example, activated MAPK/ERK signaling via oncogenic BRAF is associated with tumor cell production of immunosuppressive cytokines (VEGF, IL-6, IL-10) and downregulation of MHC I, which leads to impairment of dendritic cell (DC) maturation, reduced T cell recognition and recruitment of suppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and Tregs into the tumor microenvironment (90–92) (Figure 2).