TNF and central nervous system cancer: These data are complementary to previous results showing that αPD1 or αTIGIT immunotherapy enhances the expression of TNFα and IFNγ in TILs from GBM (34) as well as other cancers (43), and suggest that the therapeutic effect of checkpoint blockade with αTIGIT/αPD1 may work through distinct mechanisms to affect CD4+ and CD8+ TILs and promote anti-glioma immunity.