It has been shown that HCMV activates both the canonical and non-canonical NF-κB signaling pathways (Figure 2) to aid in viral gene expression, viral replication, and productive infection (Andreoni et al., 2002; Chan et al., 2008b, 2012a; Yurochko, 2008; Collins-McMillen et al., 2017b). The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is infection.