Additionally, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), one of the astrocyte-specific biomarkers, is reduced in depression-associated brain regions including the prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex (38, 39), hippocampus (40), amygdala (41), locus coeruleus (44), cerebellum (146), thalamus, and caudate nuclei (42). This evidence concerns the gene GFAP and depressive symptom measurement.