TRAF3 and hepatocellular carcinoma: It is well-known that JNK plays a critical role in mediating both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis (Dhanasekaran and Reddy, 2008); whether it mediates the combination treatment-enhanced apoptosis upon the elevation of TNFα, TRAF3 and GADD45A in the HCC cells deserves further investigation.