TNF and infection: EBN (House nest from Teluk Intan), when tested for its anti-viral effects using an in vivo model, significantly increased the expression of IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α on day 1 following infection, significantly decreased the level of IFN-γ, and upregulated IL-4, IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α on day 3 post-infection, and reduced IL-10 and IL-12 on day 7.