APP and Alzheimer disease: In this study, we found that the sphingolipid metabolites, including the sphinganine-1-phosphate, sphinganine, S1P, sphingosine, and all-trans-retinal and glutathione disulfide, were altered in TGL-treated groups and control groups in the APP/PS1 and 3 × Tg-AD mice models (Figures 7, 8).