TNF and venous thromboembolism: Maria et al. reviewed recent studies and revealed that cytokines, including interferon-γ, IL-6, CCL2, IL-17A, IL-9, IL-1β, and transforming growth factor-β, exert prothrombotic effects, while other cytokines, such as IL-10, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-8, appear, to promote thrombus resolution in the late phase of venous thromboembolism [15].