Notably, the concentration ranges of TNF-α (0 to 2 ng ml−1), TGF-β1 (0 to 150 pg ml−1), IL-8 (0 to 30 ng ml−1), and IL-6 (0 to 30 ng ml−1) were based on levels reported in wound fluids from patients with venous ulcer (16, 17, 19, 45), combined with ELISA results from clinical samples used for this study. Here, CXCL8 is linked to varicose ulcer.