TNF and infection: Infection of triple-transgenic mouse brain model 3xTg-AD with MHV caused a decrease in phospho-GSK3β-Ser9 that correlated with a strong increase in GSK3β activity, an increase in the number of cells expressing the major histocompatibility complex II (MHCII+), the cluster of differentiation (CD) 4 (CD4+), and 8 (CD8+), and an increase in the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 (32).