HPSE and alkaline phosphatase measurement: To further investigate the causality between Hpa-exacerbated AP and the altered gut microbiota, we conducted FMT experiment in which gut microbiota-depleted WT or Hpa-Tg mice (WT recipients or Hpa-Tg recipients) were reconstituted with the gut microbiota of WT or Hpa-Tg donor mice (Fig. 3a).