HPSE and alkaline phosphatase measurement: Furthermore, the cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP) and β-defensin 1 (DEFB1) were less abundant in Hpa-Tg mice compared with WT mice (Fig. 2j), which is consistent with previous work demonstrating that aggravated inflammation decreased the expression of antimicrobial peptides in AP, contributing to the gut microbiota changes [26].