As tumorigenesis continues, glioma cells begin the production and secretion of TGFβ, which further exacerbates dysregulation of cell proliferation and invasion pathways, suppression of antitumor immunomodulatory responses, and importantly, the developmentally-linked oncogenic hallmark of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT; Huber et al., 2005). Here, TGFB1 is linked to central nervous system cancer.