TGFB1 and glioblastoma: To this end, activation of TGFβ signaling has been observed in patient-derived GBM cell lines that have been treated with TMZ or radiation and results in enhanced migration and infiltration (Barcellos-Hoff, 1993; Canazza et al., 2011; Desmarais et al., 2012; Zeng et al., 2017).