TGFB1 and central nervous system cancer: Dysregulation of TGFβ signaling or its downstream pathways have been associated with the pathogenesis of multiple CNS tumors, including adult gliomas such as GBM (Kaminska et al., 2013), pediatric high-grade gliomas like diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG; Caja et al., 2015), and medulloblastomas (Kool et al., 2008).