In addition, hypoxia can promote the recruitment of immunosuppressive cells, such as regulatory T cells (Tregs) and tumor-related macrophages (TAMs), as well as the expression of immunosuppressive molecules, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and interleukin-10 (IL-10), thereby preventing immune effector cells from exerting their anti-tumor roles (Terry, Buart & Chouaib, 2017). Here, VEGFA is linked to neoplasm.