SPP1 and neoplasm: Among the top 10 upregulated genes in tumor infiltrating CD4+ T cells was SPP1, the gene encoding Osteopontin (aka early T lymphocyte activation 1), that binds to integrin receptors on T-cells for cell adhesion and migration, and also responsible for enhancing production of IFNγ and IL12 while reducing IL10, implying that GBM induces CD4+ T-cell migration to the TME (Figure 2B).