TNF and neoplasm: Additionally, past research has demonstrated the preferential activation of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells by cDC1 through studies with Batf3-deficient mice unable to reject highly immunogenic tumor cell lines (74), while cDC2 have the capacity to stimulate CD4+ T cell differentiation and polarization into TH1, TH2, and TH17 effector populations via production of an array of cytokines such as IL-23, IL-1, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10, cytokines (64, 67).