TNF and melanoma: While they observed a significant increase in IL-9 and TH9-associated transcription factor IRF4, no changes were observed for other TH subtype-associated cytokines and transcription factors in vivo. Anti-tumor effects of Dectin-1-activated DC in melanoma and myeloma preclinical model relied heavily on this TH9/IL-9 response while microarray analysis identified more than 40 cytokines, chemokines and costimulatory molecules such as TNF-a, TNFSF15, OX40L, TNFSF8 and low IL-12 (76, 77).