Because MIF is upregulated in many types of human cancers, including breast tumors, lung adenocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal cancer, pancreatic ductal carcinoma, prostate cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and bladder cancer49,50,55–57, our findings here provide a strong rationale for targeting MIF and its nuclease activity to treat human cancers. Here, MIF is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.