Notably, other genes that are upregulated in IPF but found to be downregulated by esomeprazole include uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2), growth factors (e.g., FGF18), matrix metalloproteinases (e.g., MMP11, MMP13), Wilms’ Tumor 1 (WT1) and TWIST1 (Fig. 10 and Table S1). Here, UCP2 is linked to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.