Findings from this retrospective analysis comparing the efficacy of OSI versus AFA as second-line treatment in patients with T790M-positive NSCLC and multiple CNS metastases after failure of initial EGFR-TKI treatment, showed that despite the short follow-up, OSI might be associated with significantly improved survival benefit compared with AFA for patients with T790M-positive NSCLC and multiple CNS metastases, with a controllable tolerability profile. This evidence concerns the gene EGFR and non-small cell lung carcinoma.