In the pharmacological intervention study, we found four antihypertensive drugs, including two inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), enalapril and candesartan, to be effective for markedly lowering BP in SHRSP/Izm (Fig. 6A); three of the four drugs (other than hydralazine) also showed significant amelioration of cardiac hypertrophy (Fig. 6B). Here, REN is linked to cardiac hypertrophy.