Higher levels of IL-10 have also been demonstrated to be protective against serious morbidity.14,15 Our study suggests that higher levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α) could aid in immunity development against schistosomes and that the intensity of infection was somewhat linked to TNF-α levels as those with moderate levels of TNF-α had a light infection (1–10 eggs/10 mL of urine) and those with low levels had moderate infection (11–49 eggs/10 mL), although this was not statistically significant. Here, TNF is linked to infection.