TNF and schistosomiasis: Although no significant association was demonstrated in this study, IL-10 haplotypes GCC and GTA were previously linked to high to moderate IL-10 production and were demonstrated to be associated with schistosomiasis.18 This may highlight the need for a larger sample size to demonstrate the suggested link between genotypes and susceptibility or the need to identify and study other polymorphisms that affect expression of IL-10 and TNF-α.