A combinatory vaccination scheme using 5′-triphosphorylated RNA-driven RIG-I stimulation with CTLA-4 or PD-1 blockade already has been demonstrated to induce potent cross-priming of CD8+ CTLs and antitumor immunity in mouse models of melanoma or colorectal carcinoma44, 45 and in human ovarian cancer46. The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is melanoma.