IL6 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: These included (i) ICAM-1, whose expression in adipose tissue has been associated with diet-induced obesity in mice (81) and metabolic syndrome in humans (82); (ii) IL-6, a proinflammatory cytokine that has been shown to play a direct role in insulin resistance (83); and (iii) SAA, which is regulated in part by IL-6 and plays a role in cholesterol metabolism (82); SSA3 specifically has been shown to be produced in response to gut bacteria in obesity in mice (84).