WFS1 and Wolfram syndrome: WFS is one manifestation of WFS1-related disorders, caused by variants in the WFS1 gene.3 Other manifestations include WFS1-related low-frequency sensorineural hearing loss (WFS1-related LFSNHL), characterised by congenital, non-syndromic, low-frequency sensorineural hearing loss, and WFS-like disease, characterised by sensorineural hearing loss, DM, psychiatric illness and variable OA, not limited to childhood presentation.4 Both WFS1-related LFSNHL and WFS-like disease are dominantly inherited.4–6