Moreover, PPAR-γ agonists have been shown to down-regulate both basal and TNF-α-induced Receptor for the advanced glycation end products (RAGE) expression in endothelial and mesangial cells [154], and to reduce the production of endothelin-1 and ROS by directly blocking cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 [155], exerting a protective effect on endothelial dysfunction through anti-oxidant activity. The gene discussed is AGER; the disease is endothelial dysfunction.