Pioglitazone can also protect endothelial progenitor cells from hyperhomocysteinemia via reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by NADPH and PKC downregulation [151], inhibition of TGFβ1-induced mitochondrial activation and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by regulating two glucose metabolism-related enzymes, platelet isoform of phosphofructokinase (PFKP, a PPAR-γ target, via miR-331-5p) and protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3G (PPP1R3G, a Smad3 target) [152]. This evidence concerns the gene PPP1R3G and hyperhomocysteinemia.