INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Three main regions on chromosomes, including the protein tyrosine-phosphatase non-receptor-type 22 region on chromosome 1p13, the human leukocyte antigen region on chromosome 6p21, and the insulin region on chromosome 11p15, play essential roles in insulin expression, immune response, and β-cell function, which are associated with T1DM [4, 5].