IRS1 and Insulin resistance: For example, astaxanthin increased IRS-1 tyrosine and Akt phosphorylation and a decrease JNK and IRS-1 serine 307 phosphorylation in L6 cells (Ishiki et al. 2013), or resveratrol upregulated Nrf2 expression to attenuate methylglyoxal-induced insulin resistance in Hep G2 cells through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway but not the p38 or c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways (Cheng et al. 2012).