PPARGC1A and hepatocellular carcinoma: Previous research revealed that PGC1α acts as a tumor suppressor in HCC,50,51 and it exerts its function mainly through mediating the Warburg effect by enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis.44,52 Other studies showed that PGC1α is regulated via the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway.52,53 However, the function of PGC1β has not been completely elucidated.