TGFB1 and glioblastoma: IL13Rα2 signaling has been studied in the context of multiple diseases: IL13Rα2 activates the focal adhesion kinase (FAK, also called PTK2) and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways through the family with sequence similarity 120A (FAM120A) scaffold protein [5] which mediates invasion and metastasis in colon cancer, IL-13 stimulation of IL13Rα2 activates Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 (TGFβ1) and induces allograft fibrosis [19], and IL13Rα2 cooperates with epidermal growth factor receptor vIII (EGFRvIII) to promote the growth of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) [43].