Notably, Que/mAb GAP43-Exo attenuated oxidative stress-induced ischemia/reperfusion injury and induced the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway by promoting the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and upregulating expressions of NQO-1, HO-1, SOD1 and GPx1. Here, SOD1 is linked to ischemia.