TGFB1 and liver dysplastic nodule: Chai et al. found that CDA1 enhances TGF-β signaling by regulating TβRI and increases phosphorylation of Smad3 in HK-2 cells, primary kidney cells from CDA1 WT mice, tubular cells, and glomerular podocytes in ApoE KO and CDA1/ApoE dKO mice, which result in accumulation of ECM in the kidney, resulting in the development of DN [32, 33].