Reportedly, autocrine TGF-β signaling plays an essential role in retention of stemness of glioma-initiating cells through Sry-related HMG-box factors; TGF-β has also been shown to increase glioma-initiating cell self-renewal through induction of LIF in human glioblastoma 27, 28. Here, TGFB1 is linked to glioblastoma.