PTEN and neoplasm: Dysregulation of oncogenes (e.g., RAS, PIK3CA, and MYC) and/or tumor-suppressive genes (e.g., PTEN, TP53, and RB1) leads to cell transformation (Singh et al., 2002; van’t Veer et al., 2002; Ballestar and Esteller, 2008; Liu et al., 2021).