Figure 1B shows that fish RNF135 has an enhancing effect on the activity of RIG-I CARDs, whereas TRIM25 has no effect. Nevertheless, TRIM25 co-expression with full-length RIG-I is required to protect EPC cells against a viral infection and to inhibit viral production (Figures 1D, E), highlighting that fish RNF135 and TRIM25 are both positive regulators of the RLR pathway. Here, RNF135 is linked to viral infectious disease.