TNF and colitis: Several helminthes, helminth extracts or helminth derived individual molecules, including recombinant proteins from Ascaris lumbricoides (30), Wuchereria Bancroft (31), Brugia malayi (32, 33), attenuate colitis in DSS models, by inducing anti-inflammatory cytokine-IL-10 and TGF-β expression and downregulating pro-inflammatory- IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-17 and TNF-α cytokines expression by colonic tissue/splenocytes.