A recent in vitro study suggested the inhibitory effect of pirfenidone on metastasis and immune suppressive capacity of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in the tumor microenvironment (TME) through inhibition of expression of programmed death-ligand (PD-L) 1 on CAFs and cancer-promoting cytokines and chemokines secretion like TNF-β and CCL17 (198). This evidence concerns the gene CCL17 and cancer.