TNF and COVID-19: In fact, patients with COVID-19 display a pro-inflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, FGF, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN-ɣ, CXCL10, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, PDGF, TNFα, and VEGF) and regulatory cytokine profile (IL-10 and TGFβ; cytokine storm) (17, 18).