ERVW-1 and infection: Therefore, it is important to understand how the interplay between autophagy and HIV-1 Env-mediated signal and infection could determine the clinical outcome of HIV-1 patients (i.e., comparing long-term non-progressors that control viremia with progressors) (Espert et al., 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009; Valenzuela-Fernandez et al., 2008; van Grol et al., 2010; Valera et al., 2015; Casado et al., 2018, 2020; Cabrera-Rodriguez et al., 2019) and pathogenesis.