ERVW-1 and infection: Other studies have analyzed the importance of autophagy after infection or in non-infected bystander cells in long contact with infected Env-expressing cells (Espert et al., 2006, 2007; Denizot et al., 2008; Shah et al., 2011), again confirming an interplay between autophagy and HIV-1 which is key for viral replication achievement and pathogenesis.